New edition - Saudi map and Saudi introduction

【Name】 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)

[Area] 2.25 million square kilometers (Saudi official figure).

[population] 22.67 million (2004), of which Saudi citizens account for about 70%.

[Official language] Arabic, general English.

[Capital] Riyadh, with a population of about 5 million.

[Head of State] King and Prime Minister, Commander of the National Guard: Abdullah Bin Abdul-Aziz, who took over on August 1, 2005.

[Important Holidays] National Day: September 23, 1932; Eid al-Fitr: First day of the month of the calendar; Eid al-Adha: December 10th of the calendar.

[Currency] Riyal, $1 = 3.75 Saudi Riyals.

【Natural Geography】 Located on the Arabian Peninsula. East Persian Gulf, west of the Red Sea, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Yemen and other countries. The coastline is 2,437 kilometers long. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east. The western plateau has a Mediterranean climate, while other areas have a subtropical desert climate. Hot and dry in summer, the maximum temperature can reach above 50°C; mild winter weather. The average annual rainfall does not exceed 200 mm.

[Brief History] In the seventh century AD, some successors of Islam’s founder Muhammad founded the Arab Empire. The eighth century was at its peak and the map spanned Europe, Asia, and Africa. The 11th century began to decline and the 16th century was ruled by the Ottoman Empire. In the nineteenth century, the British invaded. It was divided into two parts: the Chinese Han Dynasty and the internal records. In 1924, the internal Chieftain Abdul-Aziz Saudi annexed Han Zhi and claimed himself the king the following year. After 30 years of expedition, Abdul-Aziz Saudi Arabia finally unified the Arabian Peninsula and announced the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on September 23, 1932. This day was designated as the Saudi National Day.

[Politics] Saudi Arabia is a monarchy and prohibits political parties. Without a constitution, the Qur'an and Muhammad's Hadith are the basis for national law enforcement. The king is also known as "the servants of the two holy places (Mecca and Medina)." The king exercises the supreme executive power and judicial power, has the power to appoint, dissolve or reorganize the cabinet, has the power to establish and abolish the crown princes, dissolve the consultative meetings, and has the power to approve and veto resolutions of cabinet meetings and treaties and agreements signed with foreign countries. On March 1, 1992, King Fahd issued the Basic Law Governing the State, stipulating that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia shall be the King of the descendants of King Abdul Aziz Rahman Faisal Shah, its founder. . In 2005, the Political Bureau for Desertification was generally stable, its social security was basically stable, its oil revenue was abundant, and its economy maintained rapid growth.

[Parliament] The Saudi Consultative Conference was formally established on December 29, 1993. It is a national political advisory body and consists of 12 special committees. The consultation meeting consists of a chairman and 150 members appointed by the King for a term of four years and renewable. In February 2002, King Fahd appointed Saleh Abdullah Homaid as chairman of the consultation meeting and was reappointed in April 2005.

[Government] This government was formed in May 2003 and now consists of 29 members. The main members are: King Abdullah Bin Abdul, Prime Minister and National Guard Commander Abdullah Bin Abdul -Aziz), Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister, Secretary of Defense and Military Affairs, Army Director Sultan Bin Abdul-Aziz, Interior Minister Naif Ben Abdul- Naif Bin Abdul-Aziz, Foreign Minister Saud Bin Faisal Bin Abdul-Aziz, Minister of Petroleum and Minerals Ali Ibra Ali Ibrahim Naimi, Minister of Finance, Ibrahim Bin Abdul-Aziz Asaf (Ibrahim Bin Abdul-Aziz Asaf).

[Administrative Division] The country is divided into 13 regions: Riyadh, Mecca, Madinah, East, Kassim, Halei, Asir, Bach, Tabuk, Northern Frontier Region, Jizan Region, Najran region, Juff area. The district consists of first-level and second-level counties. The county consists of first-level and second-level townships.

[Judiciary] The "Quran" and "Hadith" are the basis of law enforcement. There are high courts and ordinary courts. The High Court is located in Mecca, Jeddah, and Medina. The special appeals courts are located in Riyadh and Mecca. Ordinary courts deal with general cases and Bedouin tribal affairs, which are chaired by religious law magistrates. The judiciary is affiliated with the Ministry of Justice.

[important figures] Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz, king and prime minister, commander of the National Guard. Born in 1924. In 1964, he served as the commander of the National Guards. In 1975, he was appointed second deputy prime minister. In June 1982, he was made the Crown Prince and first deputy prime minister and commander of the National Guard. He took over as king on August 1, 2005. Ah once visited China in October 1998 and January 2006. Sultan Bin Abdul-Aziz, Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Defense and Aviation, and Military Director. Born in Riyadh in 1928, he is currently the brother of Abdullah, King Abdullah. When he was young, he served as the commander of the Royal Guard. In 1953, he was appointed as the Minister of Agriculture in the Riyadh region. In the same year, he was appointed Minister of National Defence. In 1962, he was appointed Minister of National Defence. In 1982, he served as the second Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense and Aviation, and Army Director. August 1, 2005 was appointed as the Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Defense Aviation, Army Director. Su once visited China in October 2000.

[Economy] The petroleum industry is the main pillar of the Saudi economy. In recent years, sand has benefited from rising international oil prices, rich oil export revenues, and rapid economic growth. The government vigorously builds and restructures domestic infrastructure and production facilities, and continues to promote economic diversification, labor force Saudiization and economic privatization. It endeavors to expand non-oil industries such as mining and light industry, encourage the development of agriculture, fishery and animal husbandry, and actively attract foreign investment. National economy. In December 2005, Sha officially joined the World Trade Organization.

The main economic data (2004):

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	248.5 billion U.S. dollars
GDP per capita	$11,800
Economic growth rate	5.3%
Inflation rate	0.2%
foreign exchange reserves	$115 billion
external debt	$34.35 billion
unemployment rate	13%
Total foreign trade Export volume Import amount	$148.7 billion $113.5 billion $35.2 billion

[Resources] In 2004, sand oil production was 500 million tons, export oil was 430 million tons, and remaining recoverable reserves were 36.1 billion tons (accounting for 26% of the world's reserves). All three indicators ranked first in the world. The annual output of natural gas is 64 billion cubic meters, and the remaining recoverable reserves are 6.75 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 4% of the world's reserves, ranking fourth in the world. Sand also contains gold, copper, iron, tin, aluminum, zinc and other minerals. Water resources are mainly groundwater. The total amount of groundwater reserves is 36 trillion cubic meters. Calculated according to the current water consumption, the water source with a depth of 20 meters below the surface can be used for about 320 years. Sand is the world’s largest producer of desalinated seawater and its seawater desalination accounts for about 21% of the world’s total. At present, there are 30 desalination plants in the sand, and 3 million cubic meters of desalinated water per day, accounting for 46% of the national drinking water. Sand has a total of 184 reservoirs with a water storage capacity of 640 million cubic meters.

[Industry] Petroleum and petrochemical industries are the lifeblood of Saudi Arabia. Petrochemical products are exported to more than 70 countries and regions. Oil revenue accounts for more than 70% of national fiscal revenue, and petroleum exports account for more than 90% of total exports. In 2005, the output of sand crude oil was 9.6 million barrels per day. In recent years, the Saudi government has made full use of its rich oil and natural gas resources, actively introduced advanced foreign technology equipment, and vigorously developed non-oil industries such as iron and steel, aluminum, cement, seawater desalination, electric power industry, agriculture, and service industries, relying on oil. The single economic structure has changed.

The oil production and income in recent years are as follows:

years	2002	2003	2004
Production (million barrels/day)	798	850	910
Revenue (billion U.S. dollars)	493	740	1060

[Agriculture] Saudi Arabia attaches great importance to agricultural development. There are 32 million hectares of arable land in the country and 3.6 million hectares of cultivated land. There are about 390,000 employees and agricultural income accounts for 4.7% of the GNP. The government implemented preferential policies for agriculture, encouraged the cultivation of crops, especially wheat, and mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers. At present, the main agricultural products are wheat, dates, corn, rice, citrus, grapes, pomegranates and so on. Self-sufficiency rate of grain is 98%, and wheat has been self-sufficient and exported. Livestock husbandry mainly includes sheep, goats and camels. The government also uses local and private enterprises to set up broilers and egg farms, develop fish farming, and encourage large companies to establish farms. There are 40,000 self-flowing wells, 52,000 drinking water wells, 220 dams, and a water storage capacity of 800 million cubic meters.

[Financial Finance] Saudi official overseas assets are about 128 billion US dollars. In 2005, the government’s domestic public debt was 126.67 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 41% of GDP. There are 10 commercial banks in Sha, among which three are National Bank, Riyadh Bank and Rajesh Financial Investment Company, and the rest are joint venture banks and 1,210 branches. The capital is about 23 billion rials and the profit is about 7 billion rials. Sand has seven stock exchanges.

[Foreign trade] Implement free trade and low tariff policies. Exports are dominated by petroleum and petroleum products, which account for about 90% of total exports. Exports of petrochemical and some industrial products are also gradually increasing. Imports are mainly consumer goods and chemical products such as machinery and equipment, food and textiles. The main trading partners are the United States, Japan, Britain, Germany, Italy, France, South Korea and so on. Due to the large amount of oil exported, sand has a long-term surplus in foreign trade. In 2004, the total volume of foreign trade in sand was 148.7 billion, and the export volume was 113.5 billion U.S. dollars and the import volume was 3.52 billion U.S. dollars.

[Military] The armed forces were established in 1964. The Supreme National Defense Conference is the highest decision-making authority for national defense. The king was the supreme commander of the armed forces and the chief of staff of the Armed Forces was General Muhammad Saleh Hamady. The army is divided into the regular army and the National Guard. The regular army usually implements a voluntary military service system, and a compulsory military service system is implemented during wartime. Generally, the military service period is two years, and the special arms are commissioned for three years.

The total strength of the armed forces is about 106,000, of which the army is about 73,000. It consists of 3 armoured brigades, 1 airborne brigade, 1 infantry brigade, 1 royal guards regiment, and 23 artillery battalion. The navy is composed of about 11,000 people. There are two fleets in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf; the Air Force has about 18,000 troops, and they are equipped with attack squadrons, interception aircraft squadrons, and so on. There are also the National Guard, border defense forces, special security forces, and the Marine Guard.

[education] The government attaches importance to education and personnel training and implements free education. The school system for primary and secondary schools is six years each. There are 22,800 schools of various kinds in the country, including 8 comprehensive universities, 78 colleges and 5 higher religious universities. There are 339,600 teachers, and about 4.8 million students are in school, including 272,000 college students. Each year, about 7,000 students study abroad at public expense. Students who study in China, in addition to free accommodation, also enjoy benefits.

[News Publishing] There are 13 newspapers and 24 magazines distributed nationwide. Arabic newspapers mainly include: "Riyadh newspaper", "Middle East newspaper" (published in London), "The Peninsula", "National News", "Occas newspaper", "Discussion newspaper", etc., English newspapers and periodicals are mainly: " Arab News, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Business, Saudi Economic Survey, etc.

Saudi News Agency: Shortly known as Sha Tong Society, was established on January 23, 1971 and is directly under the leadership of the Ministry of Information. Writing in Arabic, English, and French. There are branch offices in Washington, London, Tunisia, Beirut, and Cairo.

Radio stations: There are three main broadcasting stations: the Islamic Calling Station built in Mecca in 1962, the Riyadh Radio Station built in 1965, and the Koran Radio Station built in 1972. In addition to radio broadcasts in Arabic, the above radio stations are broadcast daily in English, French, Urdu, Swahili, Persia and Bangari.

TV station: Established a television network in 1964 and has five television stations. In 1965, black and white shows began broadcasting, and in 1976 it began to be broadcast in color. In 1983, English and French programs were broadcast. At present there are 107 transit stations across the country, and the television network has covered 98% of the country.

[Foreign relations] Shah pursued an independent, gentle, pragmatic and non-aligned foreign policy, advocating mutual respect among nations, peaceful coexistence, and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. The relationship between development and the United States has been placed at the top of the diplomatic front. The relations between Saudi Arabia and the United States that have been damaged by the September 11 attacks have improved. We attach importance to developing relations with Arab and Islamic countries, commit ourselves to the integration of Arab unity and the Gulf Cooperation Council, actively participate in regional hot issues, and improve relations with Iran. We will vigorously carry out diversified diplomacy and strengthen relations with China, the European Union, Russia, and Japan. So far, Sha has established diplomatic relations with more than 100 countries. As a major oil country in the world, Sand strengthens coordination with OPEC and oil-producing countries, safeguards the interests of oil-producing countries, and strengthens communication with oil-consuming countries.

[Stance on major international and regional issues]

The Iraqi issue: It advocates safeguarding Iraq’s independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and Arab attributes. Supporting Iraq’s political reconstruction process, I hope that all factions will be included in the process, expressing concern over the growth of “sectarianism” in Iraq’s political arena. Supported the fight against terrorist activities that undermine the security and stability of Iraq. It is believed that the actions of Iraqi armed groups are not conducive to stability and reconstruction in Iraq. Opposing external forces to interfere in Iraq’s internal affairs and appealing to countries around Iraq to abide by the principle of non-interference in Iraq’s internal affairs. In 2004, Sha Zeng proposed to dispatch Islamic and Arab national troops to Iraq to replace the multinational force. Sha donated 1 billion U.S. dollars at the Madrid-Iraq International Donor Conference held in 2003.

The question of Palestine: Stressing that a comprehensive and just settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is the only way to achieve peace in the region. The root cause of the Pakistani issue is Israel’s occupation of Pakistani territory. Support the peace process in the Middle East and call for a resumption of the "roadmap" plan. Paying attention to the status of Jerusalem and supporting Palestine to establish an independent state with Jerusalem as its capital and support the Palestinian National Authority’s proposal to stop violence and strengthen national dialogue. Asked to withdraw troops from all Arab occupied territories, stressed that Sha will not establish diplomatic ties with Israel until the final peace agreement is reached. In 2002, Crown Prince Abdullah put forward the Middle East peace initiative, which was generally welcomed by the international community and became the resolution of the Arab League summit in the same year.

The Iranian nuclear issue: Advocates to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue through dialogue. It is hoped that Iraq will not have the will to possess nuclear weapons, abide by the UN Charter, and take measures to increase mutual trust and maintain regional security and stability. It is willing to further develop relations with Iraq under the principle of good-neighborly friendship, mutually beneficial cooperation, and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.

Counter-terrorism: Resolutely oppose terrorism in all its forms. We believe that terrorism is an international phenomenon and a product of extreme ideas. It does not belong to a certain civilization, religion, or nation. Stressing that counter-terrorism is not an overnight event requires the joint efforts of the international community to eliminate the root causes of terrorism. Sand and the international community, including the United States, have stepped up anti-terrorism cooperation and thwarted a series of terrorist attacks in and outside Saudi Arabia. In February 2005, Crown Prince Abdullah advocated the establishment of an international anti-terrorism center at the International Anti-Terrorism Conference in Riyadh.

The issue of Syria and Lebanon: Condemn the assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Hariri and call on the Lebanese people to maintain national unity and stability, resolve differences through dialogue and avoid division. Shah actively mediates Syria’s cooperation with the International Commission of Inquiry and believes that Syria should not take action until the final investigation is completed.

The Darfur issue in Sudan: Welcoming the Sudanese government's actions to resolve the Darfur issue, emphasizing opposition to any armed intervention and sanctions against the Soviet Union, hoping that the international community will give Su enough time to implement the relevant United Nations resolutions, and avoiding the use of the issue may lead to complex problems. Threatened. It is believed that efforts should be concentrated on solving the humanitarian crisis in Darfur and supporting the dispatch of African peacekeepers to the region.

Weapons of Mass Destruction: We support the establishment of a Middle East nuclear-free zone, including the Gulf region, and areas free of weapons of mass destruction, and have joined the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Use of Chemical Weapons. Israel is required to sign the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, and it is believed that the possession of weapons of mass destruction is a destabilizing factor in the Middle East and the international community should exert pressure.

Democracy and Reform in Middle Eastern Countries: The Arab world needs reform, but reform can only start within one country and consider the specific national conditions of each country. Resolutely oppose any externally imposed reform plans and models. It is hoped that the G8 will develop a Middle East plan similar to the "Marshall Plan," and will work to resolve the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and the Iraq issue, eliminate the root causes of regional terrorism and achieve regional stability.

UN reform: We believe that the reform of the United Nations is very necessary, but the reform is of major importance and should not be rushed. It is suggested that the reform of the Security Council should reflect the principle of equitable geographical distribution. The Security Council should limit the use of the veto power. Emphasized that Islamic countries should have a permanent seat on the Security Council.

International oil prices: Emphasize the pursuit of a balanced oil policy and promise to guarantee oil supply. The reason that the international oil prices remain high is not the shortage of crude oil in the market, but the lack of refining capacity. Calls on major oil-consuming countries to reduce oil taxes to benefit consumers.

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